In 1995, policymakers from around the Mediterranean region met in Barcelona and issued a key communiqué, the “Barcelona Declaration”.The document defined the framework for initiating renewed dialogue among the nations of Southern Europe, North Africa and the Levant, focusing on their common objectives of economic transformation and trade exchanges. This resulted in the EuroMediterranean Partnership. Since then, regional integration has been pursued primarily in the form of trade agreements, including the association agreements (AAs) signed between the European Union (EU) and the four countries studied in this report: Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia (the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries– SEMCs) as well as Algeria, Israel and Lebanon.